Karl Marx - New World Encyclopedia. Karl Marx. Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1. March 1. 4, 1. 88. Marxism's key ideologue. Trained as a philosopher, self- educated as a political economist, and an organizer of the International Workingmen's Association, Marx became interested in social change during his university studies. Upon receiving his doctorate in absentia from the University of Jena in 1. Marx was hired as editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, a German newspaper.
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There he championed the rights of peasants against the Prussian government in an editorial column. This led to his opponents accusing Marx of being a . Marx left for Paris where he continued to suffer accusation from the Prussian and the French governments. Marx developed his revolutionary theories over a period of four decades beginning in 1. He formulated his theories with the intention to liberate wage workers or laborers from the capitalist societies of nineteenth century Europe.
He maintained that in order to emancipate humanity from economic domination, a social revolution was needed. The envisioned result would transform the existing economic structures, and create a society in which property, particularly the means of production would no longer be held privately. Marx's theories were developed in close collaboration with Friedrich Engels. Together they included an explanation of human alienation and dialectical materialism. Marx and Engels' vision was a purely materialist interpretation of human nature and development within nature that called for revolution.
It represented a materialist view of history, based on the dialectic, that supported Marx's theory of political economy and his call for revolution. The interpretation distinguished itself because of its theory of surplus value, which asserted that the wealth of capitalist societies originates solely from the exploitation of laborers.
Marx's analysis of history saw human development as occurring due to a series of class struggles between the ruling class, those who possess the means of production. To Marx, feudal lords, land owners and capitalists were pitted against the ruled working class. This claim is summed up in the opening line of The Communist Manifesto: .
Lenin embraced Marx's vision, but made certain adjustments in Marxist theories and practice and orchestrated the first communist revolution. Marxism, as understood and implemented by Lenin resulted in totalitarian control. Lenin's interpretation of Marxism is usually referred to as Marxism- Leninism. Some argue that Lenin's views were inconsistent with Marx's view, however this is subject to debate.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the largest of all twentieth century socialist empires in 1. Marxist regimes throughout Eastern Europe. This breakdown has been followed by radical reforms in other communist countries including China, Mongolia and Vietnam. The failure of Marxism or Marxism- Leninism was not primarily due to its misapplication by Lenin, Josef Stalin or others.
It stemmed from the philosophical and scientific underpinnings of Marxism, including its militant atheism, its commitment to revolutionary violence, and its flawed economic theories. Biography. Parents. Karl Heinrich Marx was the third of seven children in a Jewish family in Trier, Province of the Lower Rhine, in the Kingdom of Prussia. His father, Heinrich Marx (1. Christianity, despite a deistic tendency and admiration of Enlightenment intellectuals such as Voltaire and Rousseau. Heinrich Marx was born Herschel Mordechai, son of Levy Mordechai (1.
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Eva Lwow (1. 75. 3- 1. Christian Prussian authorities disallowed his law practice as a Jew, he converted to Lutheranism, the Prussian State's official Protestant religion, to gain advantage as member of the Lutheran minority in that predominantly Roman Catholic state. His mother was Henriette n. This is most clearly seen in the fact that Marx's was so secretive in the courting of his future bride, Jenny von Westphalen. Education. Karl Marx was home- schooled until the age of 1.
Trier Gymnasium. Just before he left Marx wrote an essay, The Union of Believers With Christ, which showed him to be a person with a deep and sensitive faith in God. Despite wanting to study philosophy and literature, his father disallowed it, believing Karl would be unable to support himself as a scholar. He joined the Trier Tavern Club and at one point served as its president but his grades suffered as a result. The next year, his father had him transfer to the rigorous Humboldt- Universit.
At that time, Marx wrote poems about life which Richard Wurmbrand suggested reveal him going through a spiritual crisis. Hegel, their teacher. For many of them, the so- called left- Hegelians, Hegel's dialectical method, separated from its theological content, provided a powerful weapon for the critique of established religion and politics. Some members of this circle drew an analogy between post- Aristotelian philosophy and post- Hegelian philosophy.
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Another Young Hegelian, Max Stirner, applied Hegelian criticism and argued that stopping anywhere short of nihilistic egoism was mysticism. His views were not accepted by most of his colleagues; nevertheless, Stirner's book was the main reason Marx abandoned the Feuerbachian view and developed the basic concept of historical materialism. In 1. 84. 1, Marx earned a doctorate with the dissertation The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature, but submitted it to the University of Jena, because his bad reputation as a Young Hegelian radical would hurt him in Berlin. Career. When his mentor, Bruno Bauer, was dismissed from Friedrich- Wilhelms' philosophy faculty in 1.
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Marx abandoned philosophy for journalism and in 1. Rheinische Zeitung, a radical Cologne newspaper. After the newspaper was shut down in 1. Marx's conflicts with government censors, Marx returned to philosophy, turned to political activism, and made his living as a freelance journalist. Marx was soon forced into exile, something he would do often as a result of his views.
Marx first moved to Paris, where he re- evaluated his relationship with Bauer and the Young Hegelians, and wrote his Paris Manuscripts which serve as the fundamental underpinnings of the Communist Manifesto. In those manuscripts, Marx rejects the notion that the Prussian government, through its bureaucracy of civil servants, can serve as the vehicle for genuine social change. He also identified the proletariat rather than the Prussian civil servants as the vehicle through which change could occur. He saw that change as being effected through a social revolution. It was in Paris that he met and began working with his lifelong close friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels, a committed communist, who kindled Marx's interest in the situation of the working class and guided Marx's interest in economics. After he was forced to leave Paris because of his writings, Marx and Engels moved to Brussels, Belgium.
There they co- wrote The German Ideology, a scathing criticism of the philosophy of Bruno Bauer, Hegel, and the Young Hegelians. Marx next wrote The Poverty of Philosophy (1. French socialist thought. These works laid the foundation for Marx and Engels' most famous work, The Communist Manifesto, first published on February 2. It had been commissioned by the Communist League (formerly, the League of the Just), an organization of German . When this government collapsed in 1.
Marx moved back to Cologne and restarted the Rheinische Zeitung, only to be swiftly expelled again. In 1. 86. 4, Marx organized the International Workingmen's Association, later called the First International, as a base for continued political activism. In his inaugural address, he purported to quote Gladstone's speech, to the effect that, .
The discrepancy between Marx's quote and the Hansard version of the speech (which was well- known) was soon employed in an attempt to discredit the International. Marx attempted to rebut the accusations of dishonesty, but the allegation continued to resurface. Marx later gave as his source the newspaper the Morning Star. Engels devoted a good deal of attention to the affair in the preface to the fourth edition of Capital—which still did not put the matter to rest. Engels claimed that it was not the Morning Star but the Times that Marx was following. Indeed, modern critics of Marx continue to invoke Marx's supposed misquotation as evidence of general dishonesty. Family life. Karl Marx married Jenny von Westphalen, the educated daughter of a Prussian baron.
Their seven year long engagement was kept secret, for being opposed by both families; they married on 1. June, 1. 84. 3, in the Kreuznacher Pauluskirche, Bad Kreuznach. The Marxes were poor in the first half of the 1. Dean Street, Soho, London. Already, they had four children; three more followed; in all, only three saw adulthood. His principal source of income was Engels's subsidy, and income from weekly newspaper articles written as a New York Daily Tribune foreign correspondent. Inheritances from an uncle of Jenny, and her mother, who died in 1.
Marx family to move to healthier lodgings in Kentish Town, a new, London suburb. Despite the family's hand- to- mouth life, Marx provided his wife and children with the necessary bourgeois luxuries requisite to their social status and contemporary mores. Marx's children with wife Jenny were: Jenny Caroline (m.
Longuet; 1. 84. 4–1. Jenny Laura (m. Lafargue; 1. Edgar (1. 84. 7–1.
Henry Edward Guy (. Marx may have also fathered Frederick Demuth by his housekeeper, Lenchen Demuth. This is disputed and not corroborated. He and his family were evicted from their apartment and several of his children died, his son, Guido, who Marx called “a sacrifice to bourgeois misery” and a daughter named Franziska. They were so poor that his wife had to borrow money for her coffin. Frederich Engels was the one who gave Marx and his family money to survive on during these years.
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Commanding. General,USArmy. Medical. Command. LTGWest isagraduate ofthe United. States. Military. Academywith a Bachelorof. Science. Degreein.
Engineering. Sheearneda Doctorate of. Medicine. Degreefrom George. Washington. University. Schoolof. Medicinein.
Washington,DC. Shecompletedher internshipandresidencyin. Family. Medicineat.
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Fitzsimons. Army Medical. Centerand. Universityof.
Colorado. Medical. Centerin. Denver,CO. Shethen servedas. Chief,Dermatology. Serviceat. Heidelberg. Army. Hospital,Germany.
LTGWest thenservedas Division. Surgeon ofthe 1st.
AD,Bad. Kreuznach, Germany; deployingtotheformer. Yugoslavian Republicof. Macedoniaand. Kosovoas. Deputy. Task. Force. Surgeon. LTGWestservedas. Chief, Departmentof. Medicineand. Dermatology Serviceat.
General. Hospitalin. Seoul,Republicof. Korea. LTGWest thencommanded. Mc. Donald. Army. Community. Hospital,Fort.
Eustis,VA. After commandsheservedas. Deputy Commander for Integrationatthe National. Naval. Medical. Center,Bethesda, MD. Shethenservedas. J- 3, Directorof. Operations, Joint. Task. Force. National. Capital. Regional.
Medical. Next,shecommanded. Womack. Army Medical. Center, Fort. Braggandwenton toserveas.
Commanding. General,Europe. Regional. Medical. Command. LTGWestservedas. Deputy. Chiefof. Staff,G1/4/6, Officeofthe Surgeon General, Falls. Church,VA. Her most recentassignmentwas. Joint. Staff. Surgeonatthe Pentagon. As. Joint. Staff.
Surgeonsheservedas chiefmedicaladvisortothe. Chairman ofthe. Joint. Chiefs of. Staff andcoordinatedall. Health Servicesissuesrelatedtoincludeoperationalmedicine, forcehealthprotection,and readinesswithin the USmilitary. LTGWest completedthe. Army Medical. Department.
Officer Basicand. Advanced. Courses,andalsograduatedfrom the Army. Commandand. General. Staff. Collegeandthe. National. War. College. Herawardsanddecorationsinclude the.
Distinguished. Service. Medal,Defense. Superior Service. Medal,Legion of. Meritwiththree. Oak. Leaf. Clusters, Defense. Meritorious. Service.
Medal, Meritorious. Service. Medalwithtwo Oak. Leaf. Clusters,Army.
Commendation. Medal,Army. Achievement. Medalwithtwo. Oak. Leaf. Clusters,NATOMedal,Combat. Medical. Badge,Flight. Surgeon. Badge, Parachutist. Badge,Air Assault.
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Badge. Sheisamember ofthe. Order of. Military. Medical. Merit,Order of. Saint. Christopher,a. Fellowofthe. American. Academyof. Dermatologyandthe. American. Academy of.
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The equipment is to be delivered 9. At the time the sale agreement was made the exchange rate was $1.
This meant that the company was counting on receiving something in the neighborhood of $1. Suppose the American company's cost for producing and delivering the equipment was $1.
However if the value of the euro fell to $1. American company received payment then it would find that it had a $5. Then the French company would be bearing the risk.
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